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Senin, 23 April 2012

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi.
S + tube (is, am, are) + V1 (ing) +... (+)
S + tube + not + V1 (ing) +... (-)
Tube + S + V1 (ing) +... (?)

Example
1. I am writing in the blackboard now (+)
I am not writing in the blackboard now (-)
Am I writing in the blackboard now (?)
2. She is reading a book this moment (+)
She is not reading a book this moment (-)
Is she reading a book this moment (?)

PASSIVE VOICE
Tube + T3

Active
Simple Present Tense
S + V1 (s/es)
She eats an apple on Sunday
Present continuous tense
S + tube + V1 (ing)
She is eating an apple now
Simple Past tense
S + V2
She ate an apple yesterday
Simple Future tense
S + Will/shall + V1
Shall (I, we)
She will eat apple tomorrow
Passive
Simple Present Tense
S + tube + V3
An apple is eaten by her yesterday
Present Continuous Tense
S + tube + being + V3
An apple is being eaten by her now
Simple Past Tense
S + tube (Was/were) + V3
An apple was eaten by her yesterday
Simple Future Tense
S + Will/shall + be + V3
An apple will be eaten by her tomorrow.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

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Active And Passive Voice
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE


Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif




Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.




1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan




melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.




Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau




2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.


Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?



Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?



Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif

John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?



Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?



Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?


Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif

John was biting Mary

John wasn’t biting Mary

Was John biting Mary?

What was John doing?

Who was biting Mary?

Who was John biting?



Pasif

Mary was being bitten by John

Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was being done by John?

Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif

John had bitten Mary

John hadn’t bitten Mary

Had John bitten Mary?

What had John done?

Who had bitten Mary?

Who had John bitten?



Pasif

Mary had been bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had been done by John?

Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had been bitten by John?

8) Past perfect continuous

Aktif

John had been biting Mary

John hadn’t been biting Mary

Had John been biting Mary?

What had John been doing?

Who had been biting Mary?

Who had John been biting?



Pasif

Mary had been being bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John

Had Mary been being bitten by John?

What had been being done by John?

Who had Mary been being bitten by?

Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif

John will bite Mary

John won’t bite Mary

Will John bite Mary?

What will John do?

Who will bite Mary?

Who will John bite?



Pasif

Mary will be bitten by John

Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will be done by John?

Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif

John will be biting Mary

John won’t be biting Mary

Will John be biting Mary?

What will John be doing?

Who will be biting Mary?

Who will John be biting?



Pasif

Mary will be being bitten by John

Mary won’t be being bitten by John

Will Mary be being bitten by John?

What will be being done by John?

Who will Mary be being bitten by?

Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif

John will have bitten Mary

John won’t have bitten Mary

Will John have bitten Mary?

What will John have done?

Who will have bitten Mary?

Who will John have bitten?



Pasif

Mary will have been bitten by John

Mary won’t have been bitten by John

Will Mary have been bitten by John?

What will have been done by John?

Who will Mary have been bitten by?

Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif

John will have been biting Mary

John won’t have been biting Mary

Will John have been biting Mary?

What will John have been doing?

Who will have been biting Mary?

Who will John have been biting?



Pasif

Mary will have been being bitten by John

Mary won’t have been being bitten by John

Will Mary have been being bitten by John?

What will have been being done by John?

Who will Mary have been being bitten by?

Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Kesimpulan :

TENSES


ACTIVE


PASSIVE

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Tense

Past Continuous

Simple Future

Be going to

Past perfect

Future perfect


Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary Mary

Mary


Helps

is helping

has helped

helped

was helping

will help

is going to help

had helped

will have helped


John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John


John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John


is helped

is being helped

has been helped

was helped

was being helped

will be helped

is going to be helped

had been helped

will have been helped


by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

Minggu, 01 April 2012

Narrative Text

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Narrative Text, adalah teks yang isinya merupakan cerita atau kisah tentang sesuatu. Contoh narrative text: cerita rakyat (folktale), cerita binatang (fable), Legenda (legend), cerita pendek (short story), dan sejenisnya. Di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian. Fungsi utama teks ini adalah untuk berkisah atau menghibur pembaca.
Ciri-ciri narrative text:
1. Generic Structure:
  • Orientation: berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
  • Complication: Berisi puncak konflik/masalah dalam cerita. Sebuah cerita boleh memiliki complication lebih dari satu.
  • Resolution: Pemecahan masalah. Bisa berakhir dengan kegembiraan (happy ending) bisa pula berakhir dengan kesedihan (sad ending).
Catatan:
Terkadang juga susunannya (generic structure): Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Untuk “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ada bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.
2. Grammatical features menggunakan tenses “past”
3. Sering menggunakan kata penghubung waktu (temporal conjunction), misalnya: once upon a time, one day, long time ago, …
Contoh Narrative Text:
Ali Baba
Once upon a time there were 40 cruel thieves who put their stolen money and treasures in a cave. They went in the cave by saying ”Open Sesame” to the cave entrance. A poor person, named Ali Baba saw them while they were doing that, so he heard the opening word. After they left, he went toward the cave and opened it. Suddenly he found a very large quantity of money and golden treasures. He took some of it and went back home. After that he became a rich man and his brother wanted to know how he became rich.
Ali Baba turned into the richest man in his village. His evil brother was really jealous of him, and wanted to know how he could get such a lot of money. Therefore, when Ali Baba went to the cave again to take some more money, his brother followed him. He saw everything, and decided to go back the next day to take some money for himself. The next morning he found a lot of money in the cave, and he wanted to take all of them. Unfortunately, when he was busy carrying the money to his house, the thieves came. The boss of the thieves asked him how he knew about the cave. He told everything, but unluckily they killed him and went to Ali Baba’s house.
After finding Ali Baba’s house, they made a plan to kill him the following night. Some of the thieves hid in big jars, and the boss pretended that he was a merchant who wanted to sell the jars to Ali Baba. Ali Baba who was a kind man invited the boss of the thief to have lunch together.
After lunch they took a rest. Luckily, the house maid went out of the house, and found that there were thieves inside the jars. She finally boiled hot oil and poured it into the jars to kill all of them. The boss of the thieves was caught, and put into prison.
Ali Baba was saved from the danger, and he finally lived happily ever after with his maid who became his wife shortly after.

ANNOUNCEMENT

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Daftar Isi . . .
I.       Announcement   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pengumuman

II.     Advertisement    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iklan

III.  Invitation             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undangan


















ANNOUNCEMENT
 PENGUMUMAN
·       Announcement is a manner to give know to public about matter that must to know.
-         Pengumuman adalah suatu cara untuk memberitahukan kepada khalayak mengenai suatu hal yang perlu diketahui
·       Example 1 :
-         Contoh 1 :

Announcement
Monday, April 21, is a Kartini Day. To . . . (1) it,
Each class must present a couple of boy and girl.
They have to wear and perform . . . (2). Also there will be other interesting programs. Winner . . .(3) prize at 02.00 p.m. in the school hall. For futher information, please confirm . . .(4) teacher.

              1.   a. Celebrate
b. Celebrates

c. Celebrated

d. Celebrating

2.  a. The folk songs
b. The modern dances
c. The traditional costumes
d. The traditional ceremony
        3.   a. Receive
   b. Will receive
   c. Have receive
     
   d. Is going receive

      4.   a. My
            b. Our
            c. Your
            d. Their

·       Example 2 :

Talent contest
Venue : Main Hall
Date : 18 December 2010
Time : 04.00 p.m.

A talent contest will be held to raise funds for charity.
Entry forms are available at the scholl canteen.
For more information, please contact indah ( class X.a) or Eki ( class IX.c )

1.    Participants who need more information should contact …
a.   The fund raising commite
b.   The school security guard
c.   The teachers
d.   The principal
2.  Where will the contest be held ?
a.   At the auditorium
b.   At the library
c.   At the school yard
d.   At the school hall
3.  “Venue : main hall.” What does the underline word mean ?
a.   Room
b.   Chamber
c.   Place
d.   Area
4.  “A talent contest will be held to raise funds for charity”
The italicized word can be best replaced by…
a.   Take
b.   Bring
c.   Collect
d.   Donate

ADVERTISEMENT
        IKLAN
·       Advertisement is a bargaining or make public to know about some things or service.
-         Iklan adalah suatu penawaran / membuat khalayak mengetahui tentang barang atau jasa yang di tawarkan.
·       Example :
-         contoh :


Mega Mall
Cut Meutiah, jakarta

Big sale for your home
3 days only
9 a.m. to 8 p.m.
30% off for all kitchen sets
20% off for sofas
And 10 % off for dining tables
1.    Invitation is a invited or call that use to make someone or more for attend a agenda, party or ect.
2.  Mega Mall is close at …
a.   8 a.m.
b.   9 a.m.
c.   10 a.m.
d.   8 p.m.
3.  If you want to buy some pans, you will get a … discount.
a.   30%
b.   20%
c.   15%
d.   10%




4.  The following are TRUE, EXCEPT …
a.   Mega Mall is open for 10 hours
b.   We only need to pay 70% from the price for all kitchen sets
c.   Mega Mall is located in Jakarta
d.   Mega Mall gives discount to some goods

INVITATION
UNDANGAN
·       Invitation is a invited or call that use to make someone or more, for attend a agenda, party or ect.
-         Undangan adalah sebuah ajakan yang di gunakan agar seseorang atau lebih menghadiri suatu acara.
·       Example  1 :

-         Contoh 1 :
Dear Ajeng,

Hi, friend, here I infite you to my 15th birthday party
   Date : Sunday, December 19th 2010
   Time : 4 p.m.
   Place : My house, Jl. Martadinata no.57 Sukabumi
Please, arrive on time ! Without you the party will be different.
                                                    Cheers,

                                                    Yusnita

1.    when will the Yusnita’s party be held ?
a. At  4 p.m.
b. At jl. Martadinata
c. At her house
d. On December 15
2.  In what year was yusnita born ?
a. 1996
b. 1995
c. 1994
d. 1993
3.  Yusnita hopes that ajeng . . .
a. Sings and dances
b. Wears new dress
c. Attend her party
d. Brings a present

·       Example 2 :

-         Contoh 2 :

Dear suci ,

Come and join the meeting on the preparation for the study tour to Lombok .

Day     : January 29th, 2011
Time   : 04.00 p.m.
Venue : principal’s room

We really appreciate for your participation. Thank you.

Best regards,

Committee

1.    When will the meeting be held ?
a.   Four o’clock in the morning
b.   Four o’clock in the afternoon
c.   15.00
d.   17.00
2.  To whom is the invitation dedicated ?
a.   Readers
b.   Committee
c.   Suci
d.   All student
3.  What is the purpose of the text ?
a.   To report the preparation for study tour
b.   To describe the meeting to Suci
c.   To inform all students about the meeting
d.   To invite Suci to come to the meeting






 

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